Mercator projection

The Mercator projection is a conformal cylindrical map projection first presented by Flemish geographer and mapmaker Gerardus Mercator in 1569. In the 18th century, it became the standard map projection for navigation due to its property of representing rhumb lines as straight lines. When applied to world maps, the Mercator projection inflates the size of lands the farther they are from the equator.

Therefore, landmasses such as Greenland and Antarctica appear far larger than they actually are relative to landmasses near the equator.
Its use for maps other than marine charts declined throughout the 20th century, but resurged in the 21st century due to characteristics favorable for World-Wide-Web maps.

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Source: Wikipedia · Image: Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 3.0